Health, Hygiene and Diseases

Health, Hygiene and Diseases

You must have heard the saying ‘health is wealth’. Most of you must be in good

health. If you keep good health your parents may not have to worry about your health.

Health is of prime concern for individuals as well as for the community at large.

Good health requires certain efforts and cannot be purchased. In this lesson

we will discuss the characteristics of good health and the various factors that help

to maintain it. Cleanliness inside and outside the house, along with proper sanitation

helps in keeping the environment disease free. Knowledge of first aid can be of

great help in saving a victim’s life in case of an emergency. You will learn about

some first aid techniques also in this lesson.

OBJECTIVES

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

• define health and differentiate between personal and community health;

• explain the role of proper nutrition, healthy habits and physical exercise in

maintaining good health;

• define hygiene and suggest ways to show that health and hygiene are interrelated;

• define disease and classify diseases into communicable and noncommunicable

types;

• mention the cause, mode of transmission, symptoms and preventive measures

of some common communicable diseases;

• define immunity and list the various national immunisation programmes;

• define first-aid and identify some of its methods.

31.1 HEALTH AND HYGIENE

What is good health? Different people may consider good health differently. But

to define it formally,

well

just the absence of a disease. Good health may enable us to do well at work and in

life. Good health involves proper functioning of all body organs. It also involves

feeling well both in body and in mind. People enjoying good health are cheerful,

free from stress, and enjoy life to the fullest. Only if you are in good health you

can be of help to others and the community.

health is a state of complete physical, mental and social-being. We take health as being free from diseases but it is much more than

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 269 :

Do you consider yourself to be in good health by the above-mentioned

definition?

To keep ourselves free from diseases and to have good health, we should be

careful about hygiene.

health are called hygiene.

The various practices that help in maintaining goodThe word hygiene comes from a Greek word hygiea

that means ‘

Goddess for health’ and deals with personal and community health.

Thus, health and hygiene go hand in hand or they are interrelated

Proper nutrition, physical exercise, rest and sleep, cleanliness, and medical

care are essential parts of maintaining good health. Health includes both

and community health

.personal.

31.2 PERSONAL HEALTH

Taking care of oneself to remain healthy and free from diseases is personal health.

Some important aspects of good personal health are as follows:

1. Balanced diet:

balanced diet in lesson 25. Obtaining a balanced diet depends on one’s choice

and what one can usually afford. It also includes the correct proportion of

carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and roughage in your diet.

You have already studied about the need and importance of

2. Personal hygiene:

to keep yourself clean. Can you list them out? These activities are:

•

wastes generated inside the body.

•

make us sick because the dirt in our hand might carry certain diseasecausing

germs. We should wash our hands after going to the toilet.

Washing hands with soap make them germ free.

•

to grow. Bathing regularly keeps your body free of dirt, body lice and

germs (Fig. 31.1).

•

food, some food particles may remain

sticking to your teeth. These food

particles form a medium for the germs

to grow, harm your gums and teeth, and

cause bad breath. Brushing of teeth

every day do not let the germs grow.

Brushing of teeth before going to bed

is a very good habit.

•

and nails:

combing of hair helps in preventing dirt accumulation to keep the germs

away. Nails should be clipped regularly; nail biting is unhygienic and

must be avoided.

There are some activities you perform everyday in orderRegular toilet habits: Regular bowel movements keep us free of bodyWashing hands before eating: Having food with dirty hands mayBathing regularly and wearing clean clothes: Dirt is a place for germsCleaning the teeth: After eatingWashing hair, cleaning eyes, earsRegular washing and

Fig. 31.1 Regular cleaning and combing

keeps hair free from lice

Eggs on hair Magnified

Eggs

Adult Louse

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3. Domestic hygiene

• House should be kept clean and free from dirt, flies and germs.

• Cooking utensils, plates, cups and other utensils should be kept clean.

4. Clean food and water

• Fruits and vegetables should be washed in clean water to make them

free from germs and pesticides (chemicals sprayed on plants to keep

them insect free) before consumption and cooking.

• Water used for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing utensils should

be from a clean source.

5. Cooking with care:

manner.

• While cooking food, it is important to heat it to high temperature to

kill any germs present in it.

• Cooked food should be eaten fresh or stored in cool, fly-proof place.

• Milk stored in the refrigerator or outside should be boiled again to

make it germ free.

Food should be prepared in a clean kitchen and in a clean

6. Abstaining from habit-forming substances:

avoid smoking, chewing of betel nut, gutka and tobacco, and drinking alcohol.

Intake of such habit-forming substances may lead to health problems such as

liver damage, kidney failure and heart failure.

To keep healthy, one should

7. Exercise:

Outdoor games and sport maintain the heart and circulatory system in good

condition. Walking keeps the joints of bones healthy.

Regular walking and physical exercises have a good effect on health.

8. Regular sleep and relaxation:

maintaining sound mental health. They also help in the repair of body tissues.

These also play an important part in

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 31.1

1. Define good health.

2. List two precautions that should be taken while storing cooked food.

3. Intake of alcohol and narcotics may cause damage to ____________

and__________

4. Washing of fruits and vegetables makes them free from _________ and

___________

5. Balanced diet includes correct proportions of _________, __________,

_______, __________, and ________________

6. List any two activities that keep heart in good condition.

31.3 COMMUNITY HEALTH

Activities, undertaken at the Government or local organisation level to maintain

health of the people (for controlling diseases) are known as community health.

We often read in the newspaper or see on television about the fast spread of

certain diseases in a particular area. Many people seem to get affected. This may

not be an individual problem, but the problem of community and requires

immediate attention. Local or government organisations may take steps to control

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 271 :

spreading of a disease, by creating awareness and ensuring adequate supplies of

medicines. You must have seen notices and banners put up by the government

agencies stating the date and time of immunization programmes and the precautions

to be taken against different diseases. Such awareness is regularly created through

nationwide campaigns against the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue,

AIDS, polio, leprosy, and Hepatitis B.

There are several organisations working towards good community health.

Some of these are listed below.

1. Government hospitals, and dispensaries

2. The National Malaria Eradication (removal) Programme

3. The Tuberculosis (T. B.) Eradication Programme

4. National Immunization Programme

5. National Pulse Polio Programme

Some of the important tasks, which the community health centres undertake are:

• To maintain proper cleanliness by

disposing off the sewage from colonies.

• To provide safe and

germ free drinking water.

• To run various

and other health awareness programmes wherever there is danger of spreading

of a disease.

• To provide

immunization (vaccination against various diseases) programshealth education.

• To spray insecticides to kill harmful insects.

• To maintain food standards, regular inspection at food stores, meat and milk

outlets.

• To prevent mosquito breeding, cover open drains and pour kerosene oil on

the surface of stagnant water.

Fig. 31.2 Some efforts made towards maintenance of community health

Clean

and airy

rooms

Clean compounds

Concrete drains to

drain soil

Use Mosquito nets on beds

Spraying insecticides on walls

Fish eat larvae

Oiling surface of stagnant water

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31.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

You can keep your body clean but what will happen if you live in dirty

surroundings? If so, you are sure to fall sick. Thus, to have a healthy living one

must live in clean surroundings. Unclean surroundings may become breeding

ground for flies and germs, thus, leading to spread of diseases.

Environmental hygiene includes environmental sanitation or

keeping the surroundings clean.

To keep the environment healthy, we should be careful about the disposal of

the garbage. Some of the practices for disposing the garbage are:

•

sweep and mop the house to remove dirt from every nook and corner of the

house. The furniture must also be wiped clean. The cobwebs from the walls

and roof should be cleared at least once a week.

•

the roadside. This makes street dirty and allows flies, mosquitoes and other

animals to breed. This garbage not only gives a dirty look but also produces

foul smell. Garbage should be thrown inside the dustbins. The bins should

also be cleaned after emptying the garbage.

•

inside the house dustbins should be kept covered.

Keeping the house clean: The house must be cleaned every day. We mustThrowing garbage in dustbins: Do not throw your household garbage onKeeping dustbins covered: To prevent entry of insects and other animals

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 31.2

1. Name any two diseases for which awareness is being spread at the national

level.

2. List any two national organisations working towards good community health.

3. Fill in the blanks.

i) Mosquito breeding may be prevented by pouring ___________ on

stagnant water.

ii) Unclean surroundings become breeding ground for __________ and

____________

31.5 DISEASE

A disease is defined as any deviation from health or any state when body is

not at ease.

Disease may be the sickness of the body or the mind. A disease can be as mild as

a sore throat, common cold, and stomach upset or as serious as cancer. Disease

can strike almost any part of the body and anybody at some stage or the other.

They can also affect a person’s mental and emotional health. In this section we

will mainly discuss diseases of the body.

You may have heard of some common diseases or may be you have seen

people suffering from some diseases, such as typhoid, malaria, rickets, jaundice,

scurvy, common cold, etc. Can these diseases be categorised on some basis? One

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 273 :

of the bases could be the cause of the disease.

through air, water and physical contact or spread through vectors like flies

and mosquitoes are termed communicable diseases.

Diseases

Communicable Non-communicable

Diseases that are transmitted

• Diseases that spread from

infected person to another

• Caused by pathogens, such

as viruses, bacteria, fungi,

protozoa and worms

• Some examples are malaria,

typhoid, common cold,

measles and tuberculosis

Epidemics

Sometimes you would have seen or heard about a disease affecting a large number

of people in a small period.

particular area is considered to be an epidemic.

epidemic form in our country. Cholera is a bacterial disease and marked by

uncontrolled vomiting and diarrhoea. It may affect large number of people,

leading to dehydration and death.

A disease that affects a large population in aSometimes, cholera takes an

What is a communicable disease?

Diseases that spread from one person to another by the entry of pathogens

are called infectious or transmissible or communicable diseases.

How do communicable diseases spread?

We all know that there are a lot of germs or pathogens (disease causing organisms)

in the environment we live in. To carry on their life cycle, the pathogens try to

come out of the body of an infected person and reach out to more hosts for their

survival. They produce toxins in the host’s body which leads to symptoms, such

as fever and eruption of rashes, etc. These pathogens may be transferred from one

person to another by the following methods.

• Direct method

• Indirect method

Direct method

: by contact with the infected person.

Indirect method

•

towel or sharing a handkerchief or same bed with the patient may also spread

diseases.

•

and insects carrying germs.

• Do not spread from an infected

person to another

• Pathogens are not involved

• These diseases may be caused due

to dietary deficiency (rickets,

scurvy, kwashiorkor), genetic

defects, hormonal imbalances,

allergy, etc.

may include the following:Touching and sharing items used by the infected person: Using the sameContaminated food and drink: Food and drinks may get infected by flies

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•

to another, for example housefly, cockroach, etc.

•

themselves remain unaffected. For example, animals

such as dogs and monkeys, or mosquitoes.

•

sneezing by the infected person (Fig. 31.3).

•

as infected needles.

Carriers: These organisms carry germs from one placeVectors: These are agents that harbour germs but theyAir: Through droplet method, i.e. coughing andDuring blood transfusion or other equipment such

31.6 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIOUS COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

We can classify various communicable diseases according to the type of causative

organism or pathogen (Table 31.1).

Table 31.1: Diseases caused by certain pathogens

Type of pathogen Diseases caused

Virus Influenza (common cold), Hepatitis

(Jaundice), Chickenpox, Measles

Bacteria Cholera, Tetanus, Tuberculosis,

Fungi Ring worm

Protozoa Amoebic dysentery, Malaria

Helminths (worms) Filariasis

The following table 31.2 will give you an idea of cause and symptoms of

some diseases and the different ways to prevent them.

Table 31.2: Symptoms of some common infectious diseases, the causative

organism, mode of transmission and preventive measures against the disease

I. Viral diseases

Disease Causative Mode of Symptoms Prevention/ Cure

organism transmission

Influenza Influenza Direct or Fever

virus Indirect contact Body pain Antibiotics to prevent

Sore throat secondary infections

Sneezing

Hepatitis Virus Contaminated Weakness Intake of treated water

(Jaundice) water Rise in body Vaccination

temperature Avoiding contact with

Yellowing of urine, an infected person and his

eyes and nails and his articles

Loss of appetite,

nausea and vomiting

Taking precautions

II. Fungal diseases

Disease Causative Mode of Symptoms Prevention

organism transmission

Ringworm Fungus Direct contact Ring like discoloured Personal

patches over the skin and scalp cleanliness

Itching, redness

Fig. 31.3 Droplet method of spread

of communicable disease

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 275 :

V. Helminthic diseases

Disease

Malaria

Amoebiasis

(amoebic

dysentery)

Causative

organism

Protozoa

Protozoa

Mode of transmission

Female

Anopheles

mosquito bite

Contaminated water

and food

Unwashed vegetables

House flies

Symptoms

Intermittent high fever;

Chilliness during periods

of high fever; headache;

Enlargement of spleen

and liver

Abdominal pain; five to

six blood and mucus

containing stools per day

Prevention

Prevent accumulation

of water in

surrounding;

Protection from

mosquito bite; taking

anti-malarial drugs

Proper disposal of

human excreta;

Preventing food and

vegetables from

contamination;

Drinking safe water

Disease

Filariasis

(Elephantiasis)

Causative organism

Helminthic worm

Mode of

transmission

Female

Culex

mosquito

Symptoms

Fever; swelling of

lymph nodes;

permanent swelling

of feet, legs and

thighs; accumulation

of large number of

worms causing

elephant leg-like

swelling (Fig. 31.4)

in the feet.

Prevention

Prevention from

mosquito bite;

Taking preventive

medicines in

disease prone

areas.

Disease

Tuberculosis

Cholera

Causative

organism

Bacteria

Bacteria

Mode of

transmission

Direct contact with

infected person

Coughing

Contaminated food

and drinks

Contaminated food

and water

From germs present

in faeces of patients

Symptoms

Difficulty in breathing,

chest pain; low grade fever

especially in the evenings

over long period; loss of

weight;

blood in sputum; night

sweating

Acute diarrhoea; vomiting;

dehydration; muscle cramps

Prevention

BCG vaccination

at birth

Use of clean,

treated water.

Vaccination.

Prevention of

contamination.

IV. Protozoan

III. Bacterial diseases

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31.7 MEASURES TO PREVENT DISEASES

Contracting infectious diseases can be prevented by adopting measures such as:

• personal and community hygiene,

• intake of balanced diet,

• proper disposal of waste material,

•

substances, and

imparting education on habit-forming

• immunization against communicable

diseases.

Protection from communicable diseases by

immunization

Immunity

against diseases. Mother’s milk during infancy is very

important as it provides immunity against diseases to a

newborn baby. Immunity can be of two types:

•

•

lifetime

is body’s ability to defend (fight and protect)Innate immunity (present from birth)Acquired immunity (achieved during one’s

Ways to acquire immunity

•

pox, measles or mumps, develops life-long immunity against the disease.

•

tuberculosis, hepatitis, etc.

Exposure to a disease: A person suffering from a disease, such as chickenBy vaccination: By taking vaccines against diseases, such as polio,

Vaccines

make the body develop body resistance to fight against disease

but do not themselves cause disease.

To prevent the occurrence of a number of communicable diseases,

immunization through vaccines is highly effective.

Vaccines are available against Polio, Chicken pox, Tetanus, Diphtheria,

Whooping cough, Tuberculosis and various kinds of Hepatitis, etc. Most of the

immunization for life long immunity should be provided at an early age.

Under National Immunization Programme vaccination facilities are available

at Government run clinics and hospitals for protection against some common

communicable diseases.

are weakened germs. When introduced into the body, they

Table 31.3: Vaccines given to a newborn child and mother

Age Vaccine Immunity against disease

Child

2-6 weeks BCG Tuberculosis

3-12months DPT Diphtheria

Pertussis (whooping cough or kaali

khansi)

Tetanus

Measles vaccine Measles

Fig. 31.4 Elephantiasis (elephant-like

legs) caused by helminthic worms

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 277 :

18-24 months DPT-booster dose; Diphtheria

Polio booster dose (oral) Pertussis

Tetanus

5-6 years Diphtheria and Tetanus booster dose Diphtheria and Tetanus

10 years Tetanus Toxoide-booster dose Tetanus and Typhoid

Typhoid vaccine

Mother

(During pregnancy)

16-24 Weeks First dose of Tetanus toxoid Protection against tetanus during

child birth from surgical instruments

24-32 Weeks Booster dose of Tetanus toxoid

IMMUNITY

Innate immunity Acquired immunity

(Inborn or natural)

Non-specific Specific

(For infections in general) (For particular infections)

Active Passive

(Produced in one’s own body) (Supplied from outside)

Natural Artificial

(By previous infection) (By vaccination)

Natural Artificial

(Antibodies received

from mother)

(Readymade antibodies having

been produced in other animals)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 31.3

1. List any two diseases transmitted from an infected person to other healthy

person.

2. Are rickets and diabetes examples of communicable or non-communicable

diseases?

3. Name any two diseases that can be prevented by taking vaccines.

4. Name the body organ(s) affected by hepatitis (jaundice).

5. Name a disease caused by the same group of organism that causes amoebic

dysentery.

31.8 FIRST AID

Activities that can prevent serious deterioration of a victim’s condition before

he gets proper medical attention are called

first aid activities.

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You often share work with your parents at home or go outside to play or

work. Sometimes you or your friends may get hurt. In case of a medical emergency

it may not be possible to get medical attention at once. Immediate care given to a

victim of an accident, sudden illness or other medical emergency can save life.

All this comes under first-aid. Some first-aid techniques are given here.

31.8.1 BLEEDING

Severe bleeding due to deep injury may lead to acute loss of blood, low blood

pressure and even death.

To stop bleeding:

• Press directly on the wound with thumb.

• Keep sterilised dressing or clean handkerchief.

• Make the victim lie down and elevate the bleeding part above the rest of the

body.

31.8.2 Nosebleed

• Make the victim sit up and lean forward to minimise blood flow from that

part.

• Press nostrils for a short while.

• Place an ice-cold cloth on the victim’s face.

• Consult a doctor if bleeding doesn’t stop.

31.8.3 Fainting

It is a brief, sudden period of unconsciousness. In most cases it occurs when a

person is standing motionless for too long and may fall to the ground.

• Loosen the clothing and raise the feet slightly. Blood will flow back in the

head and consciousness will be regained.

31.8.4 Dehydration

It is a condition when water is lost from body cells. Early symptoms include

severe headache and dizziness. Acute dehydration can result in death.

Dehydration may be caused due to reasons, such as, extreme heat, excessive

physical activity and inability to drink water, frequent vomiting and diarrhoea.

• Victim should be made to drink small quantities of Oral Rehydration Solution

(ORS) at frequent intervals. ORS can be made by adding one teaspoon of

sugar and a pinch of salt in a glass of (about 200mL) water.

31.8.5 Animal bite

It can result in serious infections and diseases if left untreated.

• Wash the area of bite thoroughly with soap and water and cover it with a

gauze dressing.

• In case of dog bite, the dog should be kept under observation to determine if

it has rabies (aversion from water or hydrophobia).

• Consult the doctor immediately for anti-rabies treatment.

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 279 :

31.8.6 Burns

The first-aid treatment of burns depends upon the severity of the injury. Firstdegree

burns produce a reddening of the top layer of skin. Second degree burns

damage the deeper skin and may form blisters. To treat the first and second degree

burns:

• Place the injured area in cold water to relieve the pain.

• Blot the area and apply a dry sterile dressing.

Third degree burns destroy the deepest layer of skin and should not be treated

with water. They should be immediately covered with thick dressing, clean towel

or cloth sheet. A doctor should be consulted immediately.

Chemical burns caused by acids or alkalis should be flushed with large amounts

of water for at least 10 minutes.

31.8.7 Fractures and dislocations

A fracture is a break in the bone and a dislocation occurs when the end of the bone is

forced out of its normal position in a joint. This may happen when we fall or injure

ourselves while playing, driving or working etc. Signs of fracture and dislocation

include pain, unusual position of a joint or bone, and tenderness and swelling around

the injury. Victim may not be able to move the affected body part.

What needs to be done?

• Do not move the victim until the expert help arrives. Improper handling may

cause more damage.

• Apply a splint in that area if victim has to be taken for further treatment.

Splint

bones. Things, such as a walking stick, big scale, stick, umbrella, rod, etc.

can be used as a splint. Splint can be padded and tied to remain in place (Fig.

31.5).

• Do not tie it very tight, as this may interfere with blood circulation.

• Do not move a person who has suffered neck or spinal injury.

is a support given to the injured area that prevents movement of the

Fig. 31.5 Technique showing application of splints

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 31.4

Fill in the blanks.

1. Activities that can prevent any deterioration before medical help is available

to a victim are called _________________

2. Items such as _________ and ________may serve as a splint in case of a

fracture.

3. Cases of first and second-degree burns should be immediately dipped in

________________

4. In case of animal bite, affected areas should be washed with

_______and_______

5. Extreme pain on movement, tenderness and swelling around the area are signs

of ________________

LET US REVISE

• Health can be defined as a state of physical, mental and social well being.

• Basic conditions for good health are: balanced diet, personal hygiene, clean

food, water and air, exercise and relaxation and abstaining from habit-forming

substances.

• The various practices that help maintain health constitute hygiene.

• Hygiene could be personal and community (environmental).

• Personal hygiene includes clean habits such as: daily bath, washing of hands

before eating food and going to the toilet. Keeping nails, hair and teeth clean.

• Community hygiene includes keeping the surroundings clean and not letting

germs breed and cause diseases.

• Environmental hygiene and health means keeping the house clean and not

letting environment get dirty by throwing of the garbage.

• Organisations such as government hospitals and dispensaries, and programmes

such as: pulse polio, malaria eradication, leprosy and tuberculosis control

aims at good community health.

• Diseases can be communicable and non-communicable.

• Communicable diseases spread from an infected person to another person

through air, water, food and articles (objects).

• Communicable diseases may be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans,

and worms (helminths).

• Polio, influenza (common cold), hepatitis are caused by viruses.

• Tuberculosis and cholera are bacterial diseases.

• Protozoans cause diseases such as: malaria, amoebic dysentery etc.

• Elephantiasis (Filariasis) is caused by worms.

• Immunization by vaccines is an effective way of protecting body against

communicable diseases.

• Activities that can prevent serious deterioration of a victim’s condition before

the person gets proper medical attention are called first aid.

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 281 :

TERMINAL EXERCISES

A. Multiple choice type questions

1. Which one of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

a) Polio

b) Hepatitis

c) Tuberculosis

d) Ringworm

2. Which of the following is a communicable disease?

a) Rickets

b) Scurvy

c) Marasmus

d) Cholera

3. Communicable diseases are those which are

a) caused by bacteria

b) carried from one person to another

c) caused by the deficiency of nutrients

d) carried from one organ of the body to another

4. Immunity against tuberculosis is provided by which of the following vaccines?

a) DPT

b) Tetanus Toxoide

c) BCG

d) Booster dose

5. The causative organism for malaria is a:

a) bacteria

b) virus

c) fungus

d) protozoa

B. Descriptive type questions.

1. Define hygiene.

2. Why is it insisted to use water from a reliable source?

3. What is an epidemic? Give one example.

4. Name any two organisations working towards community health.

5. Name the vaccine given to the mother during pregnancy.

6. Name any two viral diseases.

7. List any two ways in which food and water get contaminated.

8. A patient comes with symptoms of swollen feet, legs and thighs showing an

elephant leg like appearance. Identify the disease and the category of causative

organism.

9. Name any two diseases, against which protection is usually provided by

vaccination.

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10. People in a certain village have been drinking water from a pond and eating

unwashed vegetables plucked from the fields. After a few months they started

complaining of symptoms such as abdominal pain, five to six mucous and

blood containing stools/ motions per day. Identify the disease and the category

of the causative organism.

11. List any two precautions that should be taken while disposing the garbage.

12. What is personal hygiene? Discuss any four activities that are included in

personal hygiene.

13. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. List

any four ways of spread of communicable diseases.

14. What is the difference between first and third degree burn? What important

precaution should be taken while handling them?

15. Why is community health important? List any five major tasks undertaken by

community health centres.

16. What is immunization? List any four vaccines and age at which they should

be taken as per National Immunisation Programme specifying the diseases.

C. Difficult But Try

1. Perform a survey in your area to list precautions people usually take to ensure

good health for their family.

2. Make a list of diseases people have suffered in the last six months in your

locality. Classify them on the basis of causative organisms and symptoms.

3. Visit a government hospital and find out about the immunizaton programme

followed in our country. Tabulate the information giving the name of vaccine,

age at which it is given and its functions.

ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

31.1

1. A state of physical, mental and social well being.

2. Food should be kept covered, at a cool place.

3. Liver, kidney, heart (any two)

4. Pathogens/germs and pesticides.

5. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins.

6. Walking, playing

31.2

1. Malaria, Hepatitis-B, Tuberculosis, Polio, AIDS

2. Government hospitals and dispensaries.

3. Kerosene

4. Flies and mosquitoes

Health, Hygiene and Diseases : 283 :

31.3

1. Influenza, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis

2. Non-communicable

3. Polio, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Hepatitis, Diphtheria, Tetanus (any two)

4. Liver

5. Filariasis/ Elephantiasis

31.4

1. First aid

2. Stick, umbrella, long scale rod (any two)

3. Cold/ ice cold water

4. Soap and water

5. Fracture

GLOSSARY

Antibiotics :

protection, also used to cure certain infectious diseases.

Chemicals secreted by bacteria and some fungi for their own

Dehydration :

Excessive loss of water from body tissues.

Epidemic :

in a particular area.

A disease that affects a large number of individuals in a population

Hygiene :

Keeping personal body and surroundings clean.

Immunity :

Body’s ability to fight and protect against diseases.

Toxins :

Poisonous substances

Vaccination :

resistance against communicable diseases.Introduction of weakened germs in the body to develope body’s

Health, Hygiene and Diseases